Sure, that’s technically true, but I think it’s acceptable for this infographic’s purpose.
I don’t believe a US company profits from someone using LibreWolf (unless you want to count volunteer labor if someone upstreams their contributions, which doesn’t apply to most of the target audience)
As you said, any other usable browser is going to be based on Chrome, FF or Apple tools. So what should it say? Nothing? Even if it’s not perfect, I believe LibreWolf is a far better suggestion than just leaving them with a default choice like Chrome or Edge, or something unusable on sites they want to use.
Librewolf is not European at all. It’s just some custom configuration of FF, which is eminently from an USA Corp.
Sure, that’s technically true, but I think it’s acceptable for this infographic’s purpose.
Whatever. Not European, so the European flag has no reason to be there.